The BEAT+ tool integrates data from normalised indicators to identify worst case status measures for different biodiversity components. The results are then linked to a standard gridE based Spatial Assessment Unit (SAU) which is used both for biodiversity and for pressures assessments (Andersen et al., 2014).

These grid-­based SAUs not only allow alignment of indicators for biodiversity and for pressures but provide a means for combining large assessment areas (e.g. for wide‐ranging species) with point data collected from biological surveys e.g. WFD monitoring.

BEAT+ tool works by calculating a Biological Quality Ratio (BQR) which is an aggregated score of indicator outcomes within a grid square. To allow objective comparison, the indicator outcomes are normalised to a scale of 0 to 1, with five status classes at equal intervals on that scale (from Bad starting at 0, Poor at 0.2, Medium at 0.4, Good at 0.6 and High at 0.8). By this means, indicators based on different biological criteria can be aggregated in a consistent way.

Report reference: https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-icm/products/biodiversity-in-europes-seas

The BEAT+ tool integrates data from normalised indicators to identify worst case status measures for different biodiversity components. The results are then linked to a standard gridE based Spatial Assessment Unit (SAU) which is used both for biodiversity and for pressures assessments (Andersen et al., 2014).

These grid-­based SAUs not only allow alignment of indicators for biodiversity and for pressures but provide a means for combining large assessment areas (e.g. for wide‐ranging species) with point data collected from biological surveys e.g. WFD monitoring.

BEAT+ tool works by calculating a Biological Quality Ratio (BQR) which is an aggregated score of indicator outcomes within a grid square. To allow objective comparison, the indicator outcomes are normalised to a scale of 0 to 1, with five status classes at equal intervals on that scale (from Bad starting at 0, Poor at 0.2, Medium at 0.4, Good at 0.6 and High at 0.8). By this means, indicators based on different biological criteria can be aggregated in a consistent way.

Report reference: https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-icm/products/biodiversity-in-europes-seas

Mapping of contamination 'problem areas' and 'non-problem areas' based on measurements of biological effects.This dataset underpins the findings and cartographic representations published in the report Contaminants in Europe’s seas.

This dataset presents the resulting assessment grid (based on the EEA reference grid) with the classification of chemical status of the transitional, coastal and marine waters in the context of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). This classification has been performed using the CHASE+ tool, with classifications of the of contaminant status of indicators of biological effects. The status is evaluated in five classes, where NPAhigh and NPAgood are recognised as ‘non-problem areas’ and PAmoderate, PApoor and PAbad are recognised as ‘problem areas’.

Monitoring biological effects is restricted to a fewindicators(e.g. imposex)and data coverage is currently limited.Biological effects have thus been addressed in only 134 assessment units, mostly in the Baltic Sea, the North Sea and the North-East Atlantic Ocean.

See the EEA report “Contaminants in Europe’s seas” (No 25/2018) for further information.

Mapping of contamination 'problem areas' and ‘non-problem areas’ based on measurements in the matrix 'biota'.This dataset underpins the findings and cartographic representations published in the report Contaminants in Europe’s seas.

This dataset presents the resulting assessment grid (based on the EEA reference grid) with the classification of chemical status of the transitional, coastal and marine waters in the context of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). This classification has been performed using the CHASE+ tool, with classifications of the biota matric. The chemical status is evaluated in five classes, where NPAhigh and NPAgood are recognised as ‘non-problem areas’ and PAmoderate, PApoor and PAbad are recognised as ‘problem areas’.

Monitoring and assessment for the matrix 'biota' has been carried out in the North-East Atlantic Ocean (482 assessment units), Baltic sea (198 assessment units), Mediterranean Sea (161 assessment units) and Black sea (12 assessment units).

See the EEA report “Contaminants in Europe’s seas” (No 25/2018) for further information as well as examples of classification excluding specific groups of substances(e.g. metals, PBDEs).

This dataset presents the resulting assessment grid (based on the EEA reference grid) with the classification of chemical status of the transitional, coastal and marine waters in the context of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). This classification has been performed using the CHASE+ tool, with classifications of the matrices ‘water’, ‘sediment’ and ‘biota’ and indicators of ‘biological effects’, as well as an integrated classification of chemical status, combining results of all matrices. The chemical status is evaluated in five classes, where NPAhigh and NPAgood are recognised as ‘non-problem areas’ and PAmoderate, PApoor and PAbad are recognised as ‘problem areas’. This is the assessment made excluding concentrations of mercury (Hg).

The overall area of interest used is based on the marine regions and subregions under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Additionally, Norwegian (Barent Sea and Norwegian Sea) and Icelandic waters (’Iceland Sea’) have been added (see Surrounding seas of Europe). Note that within the North East Atlantic region only the subregions within EEZ boundaries (~200 nm) have been included.

This dataset underpins the findings and cartographic representations published in the report "Contaminants in Europe's Seas" (EEA, 2019).

This dataset presents the resulting assessment grid (based on the EEA reference grid) with the classification of chemical status of the transitional, coastal and marine waters in the context of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). This classification has been performed using the CHASE+ tool, with classifications of the matrices ‘water’, ‘sediment’ and ‘biota’ and indicators of ‘biological effects’, as well as an integrated classification of chemical status, combining results of all matrices. The chemical status is evaluated in five classes, where NPAhigh and NPAgood are recognised as ‘non-problem areas’ and PAmoderate, PApoor and PAbad are recognised as ‘problem areas’. This is the assessment made excluding concentrations of mercury (Hg) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)

The overall area of interest used is based on the marine regions and subregions under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Additionally, Norwegian (Barent Sea and Norwegian Sea) and Icelandic waters (’Iceland Sea’) have been added (see Surrounding seas of Europe). Note that within the North East Atlantic region only the subregions within EEZ boundaries (~200 nm) have been included.

This dataset underpins the findings and cartographic representations published in the report "Contaminants in Europe's Seas" (EEA, 2019): https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/contaminants-in-europes-seas.

This dataset presents the resulting assessment grid (based on the EEA reference grid) with the classification of chemical status of the transitional, coastal and marine waters in the context of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). This classification has been performed using the CHASE+ tool, with classifications of the matrices ‘water’, ‘sediment’ and ‘biota’ and indicators of ‘biological effects’, as well as an integrated classification of chemical status, combining results of all matrices. The chemical status is evaluated in five classes, where NPAhigh and NPAgood are recognised as ‘non-problem areas’ and PAmoderate, PApoor and PAbad are recognised as ‘problem areas’. This is the assessment made excluding concentrations of metals.

The overall area of interest used is based on the marine regions and subregions under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Additionally, Norwegian (Barent Sea and Norwegian Sea) and Icelandic waters (’Iceland Sea’) have been added (see Surrounding seas of Europe). Note that within the North East Atlantic region only the subregions within EEZ boundaries (~200 nm) have been included.

This dataset underpins the findings and cartographic representations published in the report "Contaminants in Europe's Seas" (EEA, 2019).

This dataset presents the resulting assessment grid (based on the EEA reference grid) with the classification of chemical status of the transitional, coastal and marine waters in the context of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). This classification has been performed using the CHASE+ tool, with classifications of the matrices ‘water’, ‘sediment’ and ‘biota’ and indicators of ‘biological effects’, as well as an integrated classification of chemical status, combining results of all matrices. The chemical status is evaluated in five classes, where NPAhigh and NPAgood are recognised as ‘non-problem areas’ and PAmoderate, PApoor and PAbad are recognised as ‘problem areas’. This is the assessment made excluding concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs).

The overall area of interest used is based on the marine regions and subregions under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Additionally, Norwegian (Barent Sea and Norwegian Sea) and Icelandic waters (’Iceland Sea’) have been added (see Surrounding seas of Europe). Note that within the North East Atlantic region only the subregions within EEZ boundaries (~200 nm) have been included.

This dataset underpins the findings and cartographic representations published in the report "Contaminants in Europe's Seas" (EEA, 2019).

Mapping of contamination 'problem areas'and ‘non-problem areas’ based on measurements in the matrix 'seawater'.This dataset underpins the findings and cartographic representations published in the report Contaminants in Europe’s seas.

This dataset presents the resulting assessment grid (based on the EEA reference grid) with the classification of chemical status of the transitional, coastal and marine waters in the context of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). This classification has been performed using the CHASE+ tool, with classifications of the seawater matric. The chemical status is evaluated in five classes, where NPAhigh and NPAgood are recognised as ‘non-problem areas’ and PAmoderate, PApoor and PAbad are recognised as ‘problem areas’.

Data coverage for coastal waters is reasonably good for the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the North-East Atlantic Ocean and the southern Baltic Sea. Poor coverage is found in some northern parts of the Baltic Sea, the Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea and also in western parts of the Mediterranean Sea. Data coverage for offshore waters is good in the North Sea and in western parts of the Black Sea.

See the EEA report “Contaminants in Europe’s seas” (No 25/2018) for further information as well as examples of classification excluding specific groups of substances(e.g. metals, PBDEs).

Mapping of contamination 'problem areas' and ‘non-problem areas’ based on measurements in the matrix 'sediments'.This dataset underpins the findings and cartographic representations published in the report Contaminants in Europe’s seas.This dataset presents the resulting assessment grid (based on the EEA reference grid) with the classification of chemical status of the transitional, coastal and marine waters in the context of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD).

This classification has been performed using the CHASE+ tool, with classifications of the sediments matric. The chemical status is evaluated in five classes, where NPAhigh and NPAgood are recognised as ‘non-problem areas’ and PAmoderate, PApoor and PAbad are recognised as ‘problem areas’.

Most countries in Europe include marine sedimentsin long-term monitoring activities. Consequently, thedata coverage is good, especially in southern parts ofthe Baltic Sea, the North Sea, the Celtic Sea, the Bay ofBiscay, western parts of the Black Sea and the coastalwaters of France, Italy and Portugal.The number of assessment units monitored and classified in the North-East Atlantic Ocean is 511. In the Mediterranean Sea, the number of assessment units is 153. Baltic Sea sediments are monitored on 97 assessment units while only 19 areas are assessed in the Black Sea.

See the EEA report “Contaminants in Europe’s seas” (No 25/2018) for further information as well as examples of classification excluding specific groups of substances(e.g. metals, PBDEs).

Identification of potential contamination 'problem areas' and 'non-problem areas' based application of the CHASE+ methodology. The CHASE+ tool, combinesthe classifications of the matrices 'water', 'sediment'and 'biota' with indicators of 'biological effects' in anintegrated classification of chemical status. Chemicalstatus is evaluated in five classes, where NPAhigh andNPAgood are recognised as 'non-problem areas' andPAmoderate, PApoor and PAbad are recognised as 'problemareas'.

This dataset underpins the findings and cartographic representations published in the report Contaminants in Europe’s seas.This dataset presents the resulting assessment grid (based on the EEA reference grid) with the classification of chemical status of the transitional, coastal and marine waters in the context of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD).

The overall area of interest used is based on the marine regions and subregions under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Additionally, Norwegian (Barent Sea and Norwegian Sea) and Icelandic waters (’Iceland Sea’) have been added (see Surrounding seas of Europe). Note that within the North East Atlantic region only the subregions within EEZ boundaries (~200 nm) have been included.

A total of 1 541 assessment units have been assessed.All regional seas are covered by this thematicassessment of contaminants in Europe's seas,

See the EEA report “Contaminants in Europe’s seas” (No 25/2018) for further information as well as examples of classification excluding specific groups of substances(e.g. metals, PBDEs).

The dataset presents the potential combined effects of human activities and pressures on marine species and habitats estimated using the method for assessment of cumulative effects, for the entire suite of pressures and a selected set of marine species groups and habitats by an index (Halpern et al. 2008).

The spatial assessment of combined effects of multiple pressures informs of the risks of human activities on the marine ecosystem health. The methodology builds on the spatial layers of pressures and ecosystem components and on an estimate of ecosystem sensitivity through an expert questionnaire.

The raster dataset consists of a division of the Europe's seas in 10km and 100 km grid cells, which values represents the combined effects index values for pressures caused by human activities. The relative values indicate areas where the pressures potentially affect the marine ecosystem.

This dataset underpins the findings and cartographic representations published in the report "Marine Messages" (EEA, 2020).

The dataset presents the potential combined effects of land-based pressures on marine species and habitats estimated using the method for assessment of cumulative effects, for the entire suite of pressures and a selected set of marine species groups and habitats by an index (Halpern et al. 2008).

The spatial assessment of combined effects of multiple pressures informs of the risks of human activities on the marine ecosystem health. The methodology builds on the spatial layers of pressures and ecosystem components and on an estimate of ecosystem sensitivity through an expert questionnaire.

The raster dataset consists of a division of the Europe's seas in 10km and 100 km grid cells, which values represents the combined effects index values for pressures caused by land-based human activities. The relative values indicate areas where the pressures potentially affect the marine ecosystem.

This dataset underpins the findings and cartographic representations published in the report "Marine Messages" (EEA, 2020).

The dataset presents the potential combined effects of sea-based pressures on marine species and habitats estimated using the method for assessment of cumulative effects, for the entire suite of pressures and a selected set of marine species groups and habitats by an index (Halpern et al. 2008).

The spatial assessment of combined effects of multiple pressures informs of the risks of human activities on the marine ecosystem health. The methodology builds on the spatial layers of pressures and ecosystem components and on an estimate of ecosystem sensitivity through an expert questionnaire.

The raster dataset consists of a division of the Europe's seas in 10km and 100 km grid cells, which values represents the combined effects index values for pressures caused by sea-based human activities. The relative values indicate areas where the pressures potentially affect the marine ecosystem.

This dataset underpins the findings and cartographic representations published in the report "Marine Messages" (EEA, 2020).

The EEA marine assessment areas are harmonised units used for statistics. The assessment areas allow the consistent calculation of status and trends in the EU waters, e.g. for marine protected areas coverage.

The dataset presents the results of classification of eutrophication status of the European seas using the HEAT+ tool. Eutrophication status is evaluated in five classes, where NPAhigh and NPAgood are recognised as ‘non-problem areas’ and PAmoderate, PApoor and PAbad are recognised as ‘problem areas’.

Besides the overall Eutrophication status (HEAT+) are the results shown for three aspects of eutrophication:

C1) Nutrient Concentrations

C2) Direct Effects

C3) Indirect Effects

This dataset underpins the findings and cartographic representations published in the report "Nutrient enrichment and eutrophication in Europe's seas" (EEA, 2019): https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/nutrient-enrichment-and-eutrophication-in.

Sources of information:

• CDDA - version 2017, European Environment Agency (EEA): https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/nationally-designated-areas-national-cdda-12

• Natura 2000 - version2017, European Environment Agency (EEA): https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/natura-8

• OSPAR MPAs - version 2017: http://mpa.ospar.org/home_ospar

• HELCOM MPAs - version 2017: http://mpas.helcom.fi/

• SPAMIs - version 2017: http://www.rac-spa.org/spami

• MPA assessment areas - 2017, European Environment Agency (EEA): https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/europe-seas/mpa-assessment-areas

This map presents the resulting assessment grid (based on the EEA reference grid) with the classification of ecosystem health of the transitional, coastal and marine waters in the context of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). This classification has been performed using the MESH+ (Marine EcoSystem Health) tool.

The MESH+ tool builds on the EEA assessment tools developed and applied in the context of assessing the degree of contamination (CHASE+), eutrophication (HEAT+) and biodiversity (BEAT+) in Europe's seas (EEA, 2018a, 2019c; Vaughan et al., 2019). MESH+ makes use of the same data sets and threshold values used in these assessments but recombines these in a new framework that addresses 'ecosystem condition'.

The overall area of interest used is based on the marine regions and subregions under the MSFD. Additionally, Norwegian (Barents Sea and Norwegian Sea) and Icelandic waters (’Iceland Sea’) have been added (see Surrounding seas of Europe). Note that within the North East Atlantic region only the subregions within EEZ boundaries (~200 nm) have been included. The spatial resolution of the assessment grid is 20 km x 20 km in coastal areas and 100 km x 100 km in offshore areas.

This dataset underpins the findings and cartographic representations published in the report "Marine Messages" (EEA, 2020).

The spatial extent of the MPA assessment areas was defined as the marine waters surrounding the EU countries whose outer limit is defined by the 200 NM boundary from the coast (possibly coinciding with formally recognised EEZ boundaries) or the equidistance (in cases of opposite neighbouring EU countries), or by the presence of a boundary defined by an agreed treaty.

Given no formal boundary of this map exists and since this limit coincides with the boundary of the maritime area (water column) submitted by EU Member States under MSFD, this new version (version 2.0) of this dataset is based on a MSFD Region/Subregion boundary shapefile assembled in 2020 by ETC/ICM harmonised with the Coastline and European Seas layers.

This dataset has been used to create the MPA buffer zones (version 2) and to show the percentage of marine protected area (MPA) coverage in Europe's regional seas.

The map shows distribution and delineation of Marine Protected Areas (MPA) in EEA marine assessment areas of the EU marine waters. The marine protected areas are those established under the framework of the EU nature directives (Natura 2000), Nationally designates areas (CDDA), and the Regional Sea Conventions (RSC). The data is reported until March 2022.

The map shows distribution and delineation of Marine Protected Areas (MPA) networks in MPA assessment areas of the European regional seas. Here, MPA networks consist of all the different considered networks: Natura 2000, Nationally Designates Sites (NDS), and Regional Sea Convention (RSC) sites. The baseline information is based on MPA data reported at the end of 2019.

The spatial extent of the MPA assessment areas was defined as the marine waters surrounding the EU countries whose outer limit is defined by the 200 NM boundary from the coast (possibly coinciding with formally recognised EEZ boundaries) or the equidistance (in cases of opposite neighbouring EU countries), or by the presence of a boundary defined by an agreed treaty.

Geographical Information System (GIS) and tabular data sets used, and further details on this map can be found in the ETC/ICM report Spatial Analysis of Marine Protected Area Networks in Europe’s Seas III: https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-icm/products/etc-icm-report-3-2020-spatial-analysis-of-marine-protected-area-networks-in-europe2019s-seas-iii.

In the Marine Strategy Framework Directive - MSFD (Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy), four marine regions are listed (Article 4): Baltic Sea, North-east Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea, among which the following two are further divided into four subregions each:

North-east Atlantic Ocean:

o The Greater North Sea, including the Kattegat and the English Channel

o The Celtic Seas

o The Bay of Biscay and the Iberian Coast

o Macaronesia

Mediterranean Sea:

o The Western Mediterranean Sea

o The Adriatic Sea

o The Ionian Sea and the Central Mediterranean Sea

o The Aegean-Levantine Sea

The present map provides the spatial extent of MSFD regions and subregions, as agreed by the MSFD Committee in November 2016. It is provided in ESRI Geodatabase and OGC Geopackage formats.

The raster dataset represents bycatch fishing intensity (kilowatt per fishing hour) from bottom touching mobile gears in the European seas.

The dataset has been derived from Automatic Identification System (AIS) based demersal fishing intensity data received from the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre - Independent experts of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (JRC STECF) as well as Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) and logbook based demersal fishing intensity data downloaded from from OSPAR and HELCOM Commissions. The temporal extent varies between the data sources (between 2014 and 2017). OSPAR and HELCOM data superseded the JRC STECF data where they overlapped spatially. The cell values have been transformed into a logarithmic scale (ln1).

This dataset has been prepared for the calculation of the combined effect index, produced for the ETC/ICM Report 4/2019 "Multiple pressures and their combined effects in Europe's seas" available on: https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-icm/etc-icm-report-4-2019-multiple-pressures-and-their-combined-effects-in-europes-seas-1.

This raster dataset represents the input of continuous anthropogenic sound in the European Seas. Continuous anthropogenic underwater noise is found in the entire European marine area and is mainly produced by maritime traffic. As no thresholds for pressure have been agreed yet, even areas of low or infrequent maritime traffic are included as pressures. This dataset uses shipping density as a representation of distribution of continuous underwater noise.

This dataset is based on a truncated version of the EMODnet (Automatic Identification System) AIS based vessel density dataset for 2017 (all ships, year average). The vessel density was rescaled from a 1 km to 10 km resolution (mean values) using the EEA 10 km grid. The dataset has been transformed to a logarithmic scale (ln1).

This dataset has been prepared for the calculation of the combined effect index, produced for the ETC/ICM Report 4/2019 "Multiple pressures and their combined effects in Europe's seas" available on: https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-icm/etc-icm-report-4-2019-multiple-pressures-and-their-combined-effects-in-europes-seas-1.

The dataset was created by combining the coastal urbanisation layer derived from Corine Land Cover 2012 (with the percentage of urbanised coastline per EEA 10 km grid cell) and the population density layer based on EUROSTAT NUTS 2016 data (with the population density in the NUTS 3 region corresponding to the coastal EEA 10 km grid cell). The dataset does not cover southern and western Mediterranean Sea, northern Black Sea and northernmost Atlantic Ocean.

The dataset was prepared for the combined effect index produced for the ETC/ICM Report 4/2019 "Multiple pressures and their combined effects in Europe's seas" available on: https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-icm/etc-icm-report-4-2019-multiple-pressures-and-their-combined-effects-in-europes-seas-1.

This raster dataset provides the estimation of the extracted tonnes of fish by commercial fishing per 10 km grid cell in the European seas.

The dataset has been derived from the combination of demersal and pelagic fishing data, together with fish landings data (2011-2016) from the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre - Independent experts of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (JRC STECF). The temporal extent varies between the data sources. The cell values have been transformed to a logarithmic scale (ln1).

This dataset has been prepared for the calculation of the combined effect index, produced for the ETC/ICM Report 4/2019 "Multiple pressures and their combined effects in Europe's seas" available on: https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-icm/etc-icm-report-4-2019-multiple-pressures-and-their-combined-effects-in-europes-seas-1.

This raster dataset presents the number of different hydrographical pressures per grid cell along the European coastlines. Hydrographical pressures are human activities that cause changes in hydrological conditions, i.e. changes to freshwater input, salinity, seawater flows, waves, currents, and temperature. Examples of such activities include riverine or coastal dams, offshore infrastructure, and outflows from power plants.

The layer has been created using the Water Framework Directive (WFD) reported data on hydrographical pressures joined with the water body polygon features for the reference year 2016. The dataset was then rasterized into the EEA 10 km grid, and the cell values assigned with the number of different hydrographical pressures in the area covered by the cell.

This dataset has been prepared for the calculation of the combined effect index, produced for the ETC/ICM Report 4/2019 "Multiple pressures and their combined effects in Europe's seas" available on: https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-icm/etc-icm-report-4-2019-multiple-pressures-and-their-combined-effects-in-europes-seas-1.

This raster dataset represents input of impulsive anthropogenic sound in Europe Seas. Impulsive sounds are typically brief with a rapid rise time, i.e. a great change in amplitude over a short period of time. The main anthropogenic sources of impulsive underwater noise are typically impact pile driving for inshore and offshore construction, seismic exploration with airguns, explosions and sonar systems.

The dataset was created by combining pulse-block-days (PBD) data from the ICES Registry (for HELCOM and OSPAR areas) and ACCOMBAS (for the Mediterranean Sea), resampled using the EEA 10 km grid. The dataset does not include the Black Sea. The temporal reference of this dataset is the period 2014-2016. The cell values have been transformed into a logarithmic scale (log10).

This dataset has been prepared for the calculation of the combined effect index, produced for the ETC/ICM Report 4/2019 "Multiple pressures and their combined effects in Europe's seas" available on: https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-icm/etc-icm-report-4-2019-multiple-pressures-and-their-combined-effects-in-europes-seas-1.

Non-indigenous species are species that have been spread as a result of human activities to areas where they do not belong naturally. The main concern are the invasive species, which are defined as causing a significant negative impact on biodiversity as well as serious economic and social consequences.

The dataset has been prepared first by individually mapping each aquatic invasive species that had a distinctive distribution area, which had been provided by several non-indigenous species online databases. The distribution of the species were then resampled into the EEA 10 km grid and summed together, showing the number of non-indigenous species per grid cell. The temporal reference of the dataset covers the last 30 years (1989 - 2018

This dataset has been prepared for the calculation of the combined effect index, produced for the ETC/ICM Report 4/2019 "Multiple pressures and their combined effects in Europe's seas" available on: https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-icm/etc-icm-report-4-2019-multiple-pressures-and-their-combined-effects-in-europes-seas-1.

The pressure layer was created using three different datasets rasterized using the EEA 10 km grid: urban agglomerations reported under the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (2017), EMODnet dataset of ports lying on the sea coast together with passenger information (annual average 2006-2016) and Intestinal enterococci and Escherichia coli data at bathing sites as measured under the Bathing Water Directive reporting obligation (average 2008-2016). All three datasets were then classified into four classes, aggregated and classified again (quantile classes between 0 and 1, with the latter being the highest pathogen pressure).

This dataset has been prepared for the calculation of the combined effect index, produced for the ETC/ICM Report 4/2019 "Multiple pressures and their combined effects in Europe's seas" available on: https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-icm/etc-icm-report-4-2019-multiple-pressures-and-their-combined-effects-in-europes-seas-1.

The pressure layer was created using three different datasets rasterized using the EEA 10 km grid: urban agglomerations reported under the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (2017), EMODnet dataset of ports lying on the sea coast together with passenger information (annual average 2006-2016) and Intestinal enterococci and Escherichia coli data at bathing sites as measured under the Bathing Water Directive reporting obligation (average 2008-2016). All three datasets were then classified into four classes, aggregated and classified again (quantile classes between 0 and 1, with the latter being the highest pathogen pressure).

This dataset has been prepared for the calculation of the combined effect index, produced for the ETC/ICM Report 4/2019 "Multiple pressures and their combined effects in Europe's seas" available on: https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-icm/etc-icm-report-4-2019-multiple-pressures-and-their-combined-effects-in-europes-seas-1.

The raster dataset represents fishing intensity (kilowatt per fishing hour) by pelagic towed gears in the European seas.

The dataset has been derived from Automatic Identification System (AIS) based pelagic fishing intensity data received from the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre - Independent experts of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (JRC STECF), as well as from Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) and logbook based pelagic fishing effort data from HELCOM Commission. The temporal extent varies between the data sources (between 2013 and 2015). The dataset has been transformed to a logarithmic scale (ln1).

This dataset has been prepared for the calculation of the combined effect index, produced for the ETC/ICM Report 4/2019 "Multiple pressures and their combined effects in Europe's seas" available on: https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-icm/etc-icm-report-4-2019-multiple-pressures-and-their-combined-effects-in-europes-seas-1.

This raster dataset represents physical disturbance to the seabed in the European seas. Several human activities disturb the seabed either directly or indirectly. Alteration of benthic living conditions as a result of increased sedimentation or attenuation of light penetration, abrasion of the seabed and exploitation of benthic biota, temporarily disturb the benthic habitat quality.

The dataset is an aggregation of several different human activities that cause physical disturbance to the seabed: aquaculture, demersal fishing, dredging and dumping of dredged material, oil and gas rigs, offshore installations, ports, sand and gravel extraction, shellfish mariculture, shipping in shallow waters and windfarms. The resulting dataset is a raster (10km grid cell) derived from EMODnet, MED-IAMER, JRC-STECF, OSPAR, HELCOM and 4C Offshore datasets, and with reference temporal coverage from 2012 to 2017.

This dataset has been prepared for the calculation of the combined effect index, produced for the ETC/ICM Report 4/2019 "Multiple pressures and their combined effects in Europe's seas" available on: https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-icm/etc-icm-report-4-2019-multiple-pressures-and-their-combined-effects-in-europes-seas-1.

This raster dataset represents the physical loss of the seabed in the European seas. Physical habitat loss is an extreme pressure on the marine ecosystem which was defined to include all impacts on the seabed which take more than 12 years to recover, a time span influencing even long living marine mammals and seabirds. Habitat is lost if its substrate, morphology or topography is permanently altered.

The dataset is an aggregation of several different human activities that cause physical loss in the seabed: dredging and dumping of dredged material, oil and gas rigs, offshore installations, ports, sand and gravel extraction and windfarms. The resulting dataset is a raster (10km grid cell) derived from EMODnet, MED-IAMER and 4C Offshore datasets and with temporal reference from 2012 to 2017. Higher values mean more loss causing activity in the area. Due to its resolution, loss causing activity in a cell does not usually mean that all the seabed habitat in the area is lost.

This dataset has been prepared for the calculation of the combined effect index, produced for the ETC/ICM Report 4/2019 "Multiple pressures and their combined effects in Europe's seas" available on: https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-icm/etc-icm-report-4-2019-multiple-pressures-and-their-combined-effects-in-europes-seas-1.

The dataset is based on the map "Mean annual sea surface temperature trend in European seas" by Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), which depicts the linear trend in sea surface temperature (in °C/yr) for the European seas over the past 25 years (1989-2013).

Since all changes of sea temperatures can be considered to have an impact on the marine environment, the pressure layer includes absolute values of SST anomalies, i.e. negative/decreasing temperature trends were changed to positive values so that they represent a pressure. The original data was in a 1° grid format but was converted to a 100 km resolution, adapted to the EEA 10 km grid and clipped with the area of interest.

This map represents the probability of occurrence of whales in the Europe Seas, where the species included are: Blue whale, Sei whale, Humpback whale, Sperm whale, Fin whale and Northern right whale.

The northern right whale model only describes the range of the western population of this species, since the eastern population is probably almost extinct. Thus, the northern right whale model only partly overlaps with the EEA area on interest.

This dataset is based on AquaMaps distribution maps (version 10/2019). The dataset has been prepared in the context of the development of the first European Maritime Transport Environmental Report (EMSA-EEA report, 2021: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/maritime-transport).

This map represents the probability of occurrence of whales in the Europe Seas, where the species included are: Blue whale, Sei whale, Humpback whale, Sperm whale, Fin whale and Northern right whale.

The northern right whale model only describes the range of the western population of this species, since the eastern population is probably almost extinct. Thus, the northern right whale model only partly overlaps with the EEA area on interest.

This dataset is based on AquaMaps distribution maps (version 10/2019). The dataset has been prepared in the context of the development of the first European Maritime Transport Environmental Report (EMSA-EEA report, 2021: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/maritime-transport).

The regional seas around Europe are the Baltic Sea, the Barents Sea, the Black Sea, the Iceland Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the North-east Atlantic Ocean, the Norwegian Sea, and the White Sea.

The dataset includes information on the MSFD regions and subregions, as agreed by the MSFD Committee in November 2016.

In the Marine Strategy Framework Directive - MSFD (Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy), four marine regions are listed (Article 4): Baltic Sea, North-east Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea, among which the following two are further divided into four subregions each:

In the context of MSFD, the North-east Atlantic Ocean includes:

o The Greater North Sea, including the Kattegat and the English Channel

o The Celtic Seas

o The Bay of Biscay and the Iberian Coast

o Macaronesia

In the context of MSFD, the Iceland Sea, the Norwegian Sea, and the high seas are not included.

In the context of MSFD, the Mediterranean Sea includes:

o The Western Mediterranean Sea

o The Adriatic Sea

o The Ionian Sea and the Central Mediterranean Sea

o The Aegean-Levantine Sea

The map represents the risk of collision of whales with vessels in Europe Seas.

The most vulnerable species from ship strikes are cetaceans and turtles, since they go to the surface to breathe. On the other hand, their migration routes can overlap with shipping lanes. The collisions can produce the death or injury of the animals, and are an important threat for the conservation of these species.

The dataset has been prepared in the context of the development of the first European Maritime Transport Environmental Report (EMSA-EEA report, 2021: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/maritime-transport).

The map represents the risk of collision of whales with vessels in Europe Seas.

The most vulnerable species from ship strikes are cetaceans and turtles, since they go to the surface to breathe. On the other hand, their migration routes can overlap with shipping lanes. The collisions can produce the death or injury of the animals, and are an important threat for the conservation of these species.

The dataset has been prepared in the context of the development of the first European Maritime Transport Environmental Report (EMSA-EEA report, 2021: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/maritime-transport).

Map shows the NOx emissions from ships in European shipping areas (calculated as NO2) during the year 2019. The numerical values reported in the map are kilograms of NOx per grid cell area.

The dataset has been prepared in the context of developing the first European Maritime Transport Environmental Report (EMSA-EEA report, 2021: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/maritime-transport).

Map shows the PM2.5 emissions from ships in European shipping areas during the year 2019. The numerical values reported in the map are kilograms of PM2.5 per grid cell area.

The dataset has been prepared in the context of developing the first European Maritime Transport Environmental Report (EMSA-EEA report, 2021: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/maritime-transport).

Map shows the difference in SO2 emissions in European shipping areas between the years 2014 and 2019. The map indicates the changes in ship SO2 emissions, 2019 minus 2014 situation. The numerical values reported in the map are tonnes of SO2 per each grid cell. It can be seen that in 2019 SO2 emissions from shipping in the English Channel and the North and Baltic Seas are much lower compared to 2014 than those in areas outside the sulphur emission control areas (SECAs), including the Mediterranean Sea, where SO2 emissions have remained largely unaltered or increased.